System justification can be defined as the motivation to bolster and defend the societal status quo (Jost et al., 2017 ). As a result, women's self-image may suffer and backlash might reflect self-esteem preservation (Tesser, 1986). 
In this article, we focus on relational motivation, describing evidence that conservatives are more likely than liberals to: prioritize values of conformity and tradition; possess a strong desire to share reality with like-minded others; perceive within-group consensus when making political and non-political judgments; be influenced by implicit relational cues and sources who are perceived as similar to them; and maintain homogenous social networks and favor an echo chamber environment that is conducive to the spread of misinformation. Why do some women support Trump? They had not developed as rich an understanding of the tendency to justify what exists, which we termed system justification (Jost & Banaji, 1994). We also measured skin conductance levels and, using facial electromyography, muscular activity in the corrugator supercilii (furrowing of the brow), while participants watched the videos. According to system justification theory, threats to the legitimacy or stability of the system as long as they fall short of toppling and replacing the status quo should evoke defensive ideological responses, leading people to be even more motivated to justify the existing system (see Jost & Hunyady, 2002). Alternatives to the status quo tend to be disparaged, and inequality tends to perpetuate. Such rationalization for inequality via stereotyping is said to be what makes political conservatives happier than liberals. We need to return to the big questions of philosophy.
System justification theory was first developed in 1994 by psychology professors John Jost and Mahzarin Banaji and over the 28 years since then, there has been plenty of research to support it. [2] [2] For low status groups, the ego-justification and group-justification motives come into conflict with the system-justification motive. System justification is associated with the legitimation of racial, gender, and economic inequalities, as well as short-term palliative benefits and long-term costs, especially for those who are disadvantaged by the status quo. It asks a simple question: why do humans accept Injustice? WebSystem justification motivation is theorized to manifest itself in a number of different ways (e.g., in terms of stereotyping, ideology, attribution), to occur implicitly (i.e., Self-subjugation among women: Exposure to sexist ideology, self-objectification, and the protective function of the need to avoid closure. For instance, Kristin Laurin (2018) found that people were more likely to accept as legitimate legislative bans on public smoking and the use of plastic water bottlesas well as the new presidency of Donald Trumpimmediately after these changes went into effect (vs. immediately before). According to system justification theory (SJT), individuals who endorse strong system-justifying ideologies regard the current status quo as legitimate and fair. Jost, J.T.
According to uncertainty-identity theory and reactive approach motivation theory, people are motivated to join stricter religious groups or adhere to fundamentalist ideology because this helps fulfill their psychological needs to reduce uncertainty. [22], In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, there were different reactions to the devastation it brought to communities as well as the government's relief efforts. The SIH differs from RCT in several respects. Authoritarianism and social dominance predict support for corruption. Since people will be inclined to make sure their preferences are congruent with the status quo, in situations of inevitability, people are more likely to endorse the status quo as a coping mechanism for dealing with unpleasant realities. Dominant theories of stereotyping and prejudice quickly followed suit. John T Jost, Gyrgy Hunyady, in Research in Organizational Behavior, 2003. Furthermore, fundamentalists are (by definition) complicit in supporting fundamentalism. [16] But that overall, conservatives were more likely to have increased system justification tendencies than liberals. Ko, in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), 2012. These efforts resulted in the rather simplistic assertion that Whites were superior intellectually, and that prejudice was a natural response to inferior races. However, they often did not challenge the status quo in a deeper sense. System justification theory (SJT) is a psychology theory broad stating that individuals support and maintain the current soci al system even if doing so is against their personal or group interest (Jost and Banaji 1994). WebCorrespondence should be addressed to John T. Jost, Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, 5th Floor, New York, NY, USA (email: [email protected]). Belfast; Birmingham; Bristol; Cardiff; Coventry; Edinburgh; Leeds; Leicester; Liverpool [2], Research on wage disparities among men and women have found that women often believe they are paid less than men because they do not deserve equal pay. In other words, if we know that overt expressions of prejudice are taboo in modern society and we know that implicit expressions are prone to cultural knowledge, then how can we know what a person's true beliefs are about racial groups? Subsequent research has found depressed entitlement occur across contexts in which gender was not a variable. Thus, fundamentalists are likely to psychologically depend on this religious ideological system or group. Results revealed that general system justification was associated with liberal-leftist political orientation and support for immigrants, refugees, and asylum-seekers, as well as low (rather than high) levels of authoritarianism (Langer et al., 2020). Jost, J.T.
Ideological belief systems arise from epistemic, existential, and relational motives to reduce uncertainty, threat, and social discord. We start by summarizing recent research on system justification theory, highlighting studies conducted outside the U.S. to expand the cross-national scope of the theory. The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. Similarly, others have demonstrated the role of perceived powerlessness as a factor underlying system justifying beliefs among the disadvantaged (van der Toorn et al., 2015). Journal of Social Issues, 75, 49-88. Among Maori people and African Americans, high (vs. low) system-justifiers were less likely to identify with their own ethnic group, perceived less injustice, experienced less system-based anger, and were less supportive of system-challenging collective action that would benefit their own groups (Osborne et al., 2019). In experimental research, we investigated the hypothesis that individuals who scored higher on economic system justification would be relatively undisturbed by economic suffering (Goudarzi et al., 2020). Why do some in the working-class vote against their economic interests? By contrast, national surveys conducted in the U.S. shortly before the 2016 presidential election revealed that Americans who score higher on general system justification are more politically conservative, more religious, and more strongly identified with the nation. The scope of system justification theory was subsequently expanded to account for a much wider range of outcomes than those associated with the internalization of inferiority. WebThis taxonomy, derived from system-justification theory (Jost, Ledgerwood, & Hardin, 2008), serves as a useful heuristic to classify the motives associated with conspir - acy belief.
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WebSystem justification theory (SJT) is a theory within social psychology that system-justifying beliefs serve a psychologically palliative function. We observed that low economic system-justifiers showed more signs of emotional arousal and distress when watching the homeless (vs. control) videos, whereas high economic system-justifiers did not. Generally, the status quo bias refers to a tendency to prefer the default or established option when making choices. Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14193-z. Why do we so often defend the very social systems that When subjects of both the Republican and Democratic parties were told, for example, that it was probable that one candidate would win over the other, people of both parties tended to rationalize support for the more likely winner. This overall pattern of results highlights the importance of distinguishing among various domains of system justification. Many studies on SDO have linked it to anti-Black and anti-Arab prejudice, sexism, nationalism, opposition to gay rights, and other attitudes concerning social hierarchies. In this research, we drew on system-justification theory and the notion that conservative ideology serves a palliative function to explain why conservatives are happier than liberals. Typically, system justification operates as a brake on social change. Stereotyping and the Production of False Protesting to challenge or defend the system? WebIn A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we are motivated to defend the status quo because doing so serves fundamental psychological needs for certainty, security, and social acceptance. By contrast, the Backlash Avoidance Model argues that people are unable to do their best because a justified fear of social rejection disrupts perceived entitlement and optimal self-regulatory foci (high promotion, low prevention). Surely a striking situation! System justification theory is distinctive in postulating a general tendency to defend, bolster, and justify aspects of the societal status quonot necessarily at a conscious level of awareness. For members of disadvantagedbut not advantagedgroups, justifying the existing social order may come at the expense of. A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications.
[2] One of the more common examples is the compensatory stereotype of poor but happy or rich but miserable.[15] Stereotypes like these that incorporate a positive aspect to counterbalance the negative aspect would lead people to increase their justification of the status quo. Further, atypical actors necessary efforts to overcome the initial expectancy bias hurdle (e.g., by defeating negative expectations through successful performance) initiate the processes that impose the second hurdle: backlash for succeeding in atypical and status-incongruent domains. First, the SIH proposes specifically that status violations, rather than any kind of role or stereotype violation, elicit backlash. General system justification is typically measured explicitly with an 8-item survey that includes items such as, In general, you find society to be fair, Most policies serve the greater good, and Society is set up so that people usually get what they deserve (Kay & Jost, 2003). According to system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), people seek to maintain the legitimacy and stability of existing forms of social arrangements despite putative inequities and inequalities.This tendency has been found to be subject to several dispositional and situational variables, including epistemic and existential motives to Political Psychology, 25 (6), 823844.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Gramsci (1971), for instance, marveled at the spontaneous consent given by the great masses of the population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental group.. Future research could examine this proposed chain of events empirically. One of the things we have discovered is that political conservatives (and people who identify as rightist rather than leftist) almost always score higher on the general system justification scale. A consequence of SJT is that the existing social order is preferred, and that modifications to this order are criticized and not encouraged, particularly by those higher in the social hierarchy. One of the main aspects of system justification theory explains that people are motivated to justify the status quo and view it as stable and desirable. According to the just world hypothesis, people are inclined to believe the world is generally fair, and that the outcomes of people's behavior are subsequently deserved. Devon Proudfoot, Aaron C. Kay, in Research in Organizational Behavior, 2014. WebA Theory of System Justification - John T. Jost 2020-07-14 A leading psychologist explains why nearly all of usincluding many of those who are persecuted and powerlessso often defend the social systems that cause misery and injustice. His research has earned numerous prizes, including the Morton Deutsch Award for Distinguished Scholarly and Practical Contributions to Social Justice from Columbia University. Although the notion of an authoritarian personality has fallen out of research favor, vestiges of this personality-based theory of prejudice still remain in more current work, such as work on social dominance orientation (SDO) and system justification theory (SJT). For those seeking a better grasp of the times in which we live, Josts book is appointment reading. In defense of false consciousness. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 19-28. John T. Jost is professor of psychology and politics and co-director of the Center for Social and Political Behavior at New York University. His research, which is funded by the National Science Foundation, addresses stereotyping, prejudice, social justice, political ideology, and system justification theory. In this book, the culmination of decades of research, John Jost, its pioneer, summarizes a quarter-century of its discoveries and challenges.
Thus perhaps uncertainty-identity theory and reactive approach motivation theory explain why people become religious fundamentalists in the first place, while system justification theory explains why people justify and sustain their membership in these fundamentalist groups. To date, no clear, universally accepted answer has been found. Why do we so often accept the structural conditions into which we are born, conditions that make life less just for us and those around us? WebIn A Theory of System Justification, John Jost argues that we are motivated to defend the status quo because doing so serves fundamental psychological needs for Becker, J.C., & Wright, S.C. (2011). Such ideologies include the Protestant work ethic and belief in meritocracy. In particular, the concept of false consciousness, in which the dominant group in society believes their dominance to be destined, can help to inform why certain members of disadvantage groups sometimes engage in outgroup favoritism. It proposes that people have several underlying needs, which vary from individual to individual, that can be satisfied by the defense and justification of the status quo, even when the system may be disadvantageous to certain people.
The need to believe the system is just and fair is easy for high status group members because they are the groups benefiting from the system and status quo. This is the question that the theory of system justification seeks to answer. As perceived legitimacy of the system or threat to it increases, members of both disadvantaged and advantaged groups will be more motivated to utilize stereotypes as explanatory rationalizations (no matter how weak) for unequal status differences. These items included: China's political system operates in a fair and legitimate way and Chinese society needs to be completely rebuilt (reverse scored). New research suggests there may be significant gender differences. Humiliation is the emotion one feels when their status is lowered in front of others. Like other conservatives, Trump supporters tended to strongly justify gender-based disparities as well as economic disparities. 
In essence, people will judge events that are more likely as more desirable than events that are less likely. Common false beliefs, and how they're changing. Need for order and stability, and thus resistance to change or alternatives, for example, can be a motivator for individuals to see the status quo as good, legitimate, and even desirable. There is no shortage of contemporary examples, including the ever-widening gap between rich and poor; racial disparities in policing and criminal sentencing; the devaluation and degradation of women and sexual minorities in public and private settings; and the serious, possibly irreparable, damage we are doing to the natural environment. Recent findings by researchers have shown that system justification motives to legitimize the status quo was found in young children. (2019). System justification subjectively addresses epistemic, existential, and relational motives. To this extent, theorists have provided specific hypothesis in which the rationalization of the status quo can manifest. They are less supportive of system-challenging social movements associated with feminism, environmentalism, Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and LGBTQ+ rights, compared to those who score low on economic system justification. Understanding the "two faces of oppression.". But system justification theory differs from the status quo bias in that it is predominately motivational rather than cognitive. 
[3][5], This theory has widely been compared to system justification theory since they are both system justifying theories. System justification for seemingly inevitable and unavoidable outcomes serves as a stress/dissonance reducer and provides psychological and emotional consolation, as well as allowing the individual to feel a sense of control over external events. System justification theory is one of social and psychological sciences most audacious attempts to address scientifically a problem at the heart of philosophy: the problem of ideology. System Justification Theory and Research: Implications for Law, Legal Advocacy, and Social Justice Gary Blasit John T. Josttt INTRODUCTION Both law and
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 223-233. [22] Researchers visited the most impoverished areas of Bolivia, and found that children (aged 1015) who were members of low status groups legitimized the Bolivian government as sufficiently meeting the needs of the people more so than children from high status groups. In this chapter, we review 15 years of theory and empirical research demonstrating the motivational underpinnings of system justification processes. System justification theory sheds light on the phenomenon of working class conservatism and helps to explain why the disadvantaged sometimes hold the same system-justifying beliefs as members of advantaged groups. Psychol., 33, 1) in the British Journal of Social Psychology to explain the As Parkin [2] pointed out many years ago, embracing a progressive, system-challenging worldview is a form of political deviance. Consequently, its sustenance depends upon the availability of social support from an alternative community that is critical and class conscious, that is, knowledgeable about the true and myriad causes of social and economic deprivation and that avoids the cluelessness and callousness that presently characterizes much of the public discourse about social class [50].
System-justifying belief was measured with the eight-item System Justification Scale (Cronbachs = .86) developed by Kay and Jost (2003). Economic system justification predicts muted emotional responses to inequality.
These three motives can be integrated under system justification theory (Jost, 2021), as all three help to explain conservatives greater emphasis on defending the status quo and resisting egalitarian ideals. (2019). For those seeking a better grasp of the times in which he live, Josts book is appointment reading. Neoliberal ideology and the justification of inequality in capitalist societies: Why social and economic dimensions of ideology are intertwined.
One consequence of the system-justifying motivation, is the rationalization of desirability of likely versus less-likely events. More recently, social identity theorists have put forward a social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA), which offers several explanations for system justification that refer to a social identity motive rather than a separate system justification motive (Owuamalam et al., 2016; Owuamalam et al., 2018a, 2018b). System Justification theory addressed the additional, prevalent phenomenon known as out-group favoritism, in which people defend the social systems (status quo) even when it does not benefit, and in the long-run may even cause more harm, to the individual or the group to which he or she belongs. We would therefore hypothesize that people will show increased support for fair market ideology following a perceived threat to the social system. [2], Jost and colleagues interpret social identity theory as suggesting that when people are presented with intergroup conflict that threatens their social group identities people will justify behaviors like stereotyping and discrimination against outgroups in order to maintain their positive group image. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Child Development at the Intersection of Race and SES, Advances in Child Development and Behavior, The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism, Almond, Sivan, & Appleby, 1995; Emerson & Hartman, 2006, Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes (Racial Bias), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Kunda & Thagard, 1996, Allport, 1955; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Rohan, 2000, Heilman & Wallen, 2010; Phelan & Rudman, 2010a; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004; Moss-Racusin et al., 2010, Steele & Aronson, 1995; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002, FAIR MARKET IDEOLOGY: ITS COGNITIVE-MOTIVATIONAL UNDERPINNINGS, Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations, System justification in organizational contexts: How a Motivated preference for the status quo can affect organizational attitudes and behaviors. (2003). Jost, J.T., & Thompson, E.P. Thus, true individuationby which an individual completely escapes any category-based judgments from othersmay be rare. At the same time, general (or diffuse) system justification was associated with support for Clinton over Trump (Azevedo et al., 2017). What were the results? Indeed, the events of World War II sparked the development of theories focused on demonstrating that a certain type of person harbors these prejudicial beliefs. Economic system justification, typically measured with the Economic System Justification (ESJ) scale, is defined as the general ideological tendency to legitimize economic inequality (Jost & Thompson, 2000, p. 225) and thereby echoes the underlying principles of the free-market economy. the system). They are general (or diffuse, that is, societal) system justification, economic system justification, and gender-specific system justification. Among high status group members, all three of these motives are congruent with one another. (2020). Are your needs different from those of a killer? These included appraisals of legitimacy, fairness, deservingness, and entitlement; judgments about individuals, groups, and social systems; and the doctrinal contents of religious and political belief systems. Instead, people zero in on extreme dominance to justify penalizing agentic women, and extreme weakness or low agency to justify penalizing atypical men, because these are gender rules that legitimize and reinforce the gender status quo. WebJost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., & Carvallo, M. R. (2002). A Decade of System Justification Theory self-interest, homophily, ingroup bias, outgroup antipathy, and intergroup conflict. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Holly R. Engstrom, Kristin Laurin, in The Science of Religion, Spirituality, and Existentialism, 2020.
Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute. In order to account for the phenomenon of outgroup favoritism that is a main component of system justification, theorists have derived heavily from the Marxist-feminist theories on the prevailing ideologies as tools to preserve the system. Complementary justice: Effects of poor but happy and poor but honest stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. One can disarm the sting of loneliness by not resisting it. In needing to believe that the current or prevailing systems are fair and just, results in people justifying the existing inequalities within it. We begin by specifically highlighting System Justification Theory's implications for: organizational change, employee citizenship behaviors, and integration of a diverse workforce. However, this does not preclude the possibility that men and women might engage in backlash for different reasons. [3] System justification theorists argue that this is an example or manifestation of how some people have unconsciously absorbed, processed, and attempted to cope with existing inequalitiesmore specifically, one's own disadvantaged position in the social hierarchy. Psychol., 33, 1) in the British Journal of Social Psychology to explain the participation by disadvantaged individuals and groups in negative stereotypes of themselves' and the phenomenon of outgroup favouritism. Essentially, belief in a just world feeds an epistemic need for predictability, order, and stability in one's environment. What happened to the obtained results when system threat was introduced? Jost and Hunyady (2003) explain that rationalization of the status quo, internalization of inequality, relations among ego, group, and system justification motives, and reduction of ideological dissonance are some of the underpinnings of system justification among members of a disadvantaged group. Nonetheless, these theories overlap in that both focus on how stereotype-linked anxiety undermines people's ability to put their best foot forward, even when it is critical that they do so. Converse, P. E. (1964). As a consequence, backlash perpetuates stereotypes, group-based social hierarchies, and plays a key role in a fundamental human conflict that pits acting on personal values and talents against conforming to arbitrary and unfair social norms (Allport, 1955; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Rohan, 2000). John Jost is one of the preeminent social psychologists working today, and the progenitor of System Justification Theory.
We discuss the results of a nationally representative survey of 500 Lebanese adults conducted in 2016. In experimental studies, exposure to benevolent gender stereotypes of females as warm and caring and deserving of male appreciation and protection caused young women (but not men) to (a) score higher on gender-specific (and general) system justification scales (Jost & Kay, 2005); and (b) exhibit increased state self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and appearance management (Calogero & Jost, 2011). Azevedo, F., Jost, J.T., & Rothmund, T. (2017). To the extent that defensive responses should be especially likely among people who score high on self-deception, we would further predict an interaction between system threat and self-deception. As a result, it emphasizes perceivers motivations to maintain social hierarchies (i.e., our framework is motivational, rather than merely cognitive). Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, 1 A New "Discourse of Voluntary Servitude" 1, 3 Intellectual Precursors, Major Postulates, and Practical Relevance of System Justification Theory 49, 4 Stereotyping and the Production of False Consciousness 70, 5 The Psychology of System Justification: Eighteen Hypotheses about Rationalization of the Status Quo, Internalization of Inferiority, and Potential Conflicts among Self, Group, and System Justification Motives 95, 6 Does a Sense of Powerlessness Foster the Legitimation of Authority and Hierarchy?
Is Masculinity in Crisis? J. Soc. Specifically, moral outrage, guilt, and frustration are reduced when system justification motives increase. Third, the SIH is clearly motivational, whereas RCT does not address perceivers motivations. Citation Rubin, M., & Hewstone, M. (2004). For centuries scholars and literary figures have revisited de la Boties questions about why people submit willingly, even enthusiastically, to the humiliations of the powerful.
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