The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. When Italy and Germany were unified, they changed history. [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. AP European History Textbook Western Europe Since 1945 Western Civilization I: Certificate Program . The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. [123], For the 1871 ceremonial event marking completion of unification, see, Administrative areas after the unification of the, Dissolution of the Old Empire by the Napoleonic Continental System, Rise of German nationalism under Napoleon, Congress of Vienna and the rise of German dualism, Emergence of liberal nationalism and conservative response, German revolutions and Polish uprising of 184849, The aborted 184849 German Empire in retrospective analysis, Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmtz, External expectations of a unified Germany, Peace of Prague and the North German Confederation, Unified Italy and Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Open hostilities and the disastrous end of the Second French Empire, War as the capstone of the unification process, Internal political and administrative unification, Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy, Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation, Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. In particular, it involved a struggle over language, education, and religion. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. Austria's resistance to attempts to unify Germany under Prussian leadership further obstructed unification. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature. [46] Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome, the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. '", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. Travelers, both foreign and local, complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraen, the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops. The "Six Articles" of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority. [40] Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. Eric Ryan Distinguished Scholar at Southern Methodist University studying Finance, Business Journalism, and Data Science The rank of nobility is abolished. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. [112], If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. The "Witch. [77], Opposition to Prussia's strong-armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups. [119], Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (17851860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (18341896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (18171903) and Heinrich von Sybel (18171895), to name two. Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. Eastern Junker power had a counterweight in the western provinces in the form of the Grand Bourgeoisie and in the growing professional class of bureaucrats, teachers, professors, doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc. Expand All [16], The surge of German nationalism, stimulated by the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period and initially allied with liberalism, shifted political, social, and cultural relationships within the German states. [103], Victory in the Franco-Prussian War proved the capstone of the unification process. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. c. napoleon iii's army invaded prussia and overthrew king wilhelm i. d. austria annexed the northern german states of hesse . Victor Grossman is a journalist from the U.S. now living in Berlin. Save. Blackbourn, David. For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. [42] Such other patriotic songs as "Die Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine") by Max Schneckenburger began to focus attention on geographic space, not limiting "Germanness" to a common language. [22] Promoted as a county fair,[23] its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. After the revolutions of 1848 there were increasing ties between nationalism and conservatism, The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of the area as a rallying cry: Holstein and Lauenburg were largely of German origin and spoke German in everyday life, while Schleswig had a significant Danish population and history. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. The French public, still aggravated over the defeat at Sadov, demanded war. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). However, proponents of Kleindeutsch, Lesser Germany, argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress. This essay, and the others in this collection, focuses on Saxony, demonstrating how multiple groups of non-German ethnicities interacted in the era of unification. Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands; considerably less educated and less affluent, their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. . By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. . In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. [9] This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century. Applegate, Celia. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Bismarck used the king's telegram, called the Ems Dispatch, as a template for a short statement to the press. With France, Bismarck benefited from Emperor Napoleon III's failed campaign in Mexico, which distracted the French from European affairs. Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. [115], For some Germans, the definition of nation did not include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties. [70] To get the German states to unify, Bismarck needed a single, outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first, thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). [26], Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states. The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. If a European state declared war on one of their members, then they all would come to the defense of the attacked state. Cambridge University Press.2003. [13] Ever since the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg had made himself King in Prussia at the beginning of that century, their domains had steadily increased through inheritance and war. How were they to be organized? Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respondalthough he left ambiguous the nature of such response. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. What did they stand for? Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. The effects of the railway were immediate. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. Although the Junkers did, indeed, continue to control the officer corps, they did not dominate social, political, and economic matters as much as the Sonderweg theorists had hypothesized. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). by cjones004. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? This became known as the practice of Kleinstaaterei, or "small-statery". That Obama wanted Merkel to stay on during what he foresaw would be a chaotic period under Trump was not only due to her formidable skills - it was. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. Ukrainian forces repelled numerous Russian attacks in Bakhmut over the past 24 hours, Kyiv said on March 4, despite claims by Moscow's mercenaries that the eastern city that has been the focal . Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf. Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. . [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 1830-1945. . Ten Minute History - German Unification and Empire (Short Documentary) History Matters 3.3M views 5 years ago The Roads to World War I: Crash Course European History #32 CrashCourse 870K. With the exception of the years 18721873 and 18921894, the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. The unifications wouldn't have been achieved without the help of men and historical circumstances. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. Railway lines encouraged economic activity by creating demand for commodities and by facilitating commerce. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. [24] As he had done in 1819, after the Kotzebue assassination, Metternich used the popular demonstration at Hambach to push conservative social policy. On 15 November 1863, Christian IX became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which the Danish king held in personal union. [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone, while its muzzle-loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. Furthermore, the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. On 1 May, Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces, and the next day he began full-scale mobilization. Correct answers: 1 question: Which statement about an important event that led to german unification is true? They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. Their own interests, which they understood as "civil" or "bourgeois", seemed irrelevant. Prussian territory in the Confederation was extended to include also the formerly Polish territories of the Lauenburg and Btow Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim, while Austrian part was extended to include in the years 1818-1850 also the formerly Polish territories of the Duchy of Owicim and the Duchy of Zator), meaning that large portions of both Prussia and Austria were left outside pIn recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs, the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Ask students to close their eyes and imagine sitting in a darkened Festspielhaus in 1876, the night of the opera's premiere. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. They would have been Genoese or Sicilian or Veronese. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each [is] separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. Groups can be overlapped, e.g., Catholics can also be Polish, German, or French, etc. Scribner, Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie. He fled his U.S. Army post in the 1950s in danger of reprisals for his left-wing activities at Harvard and in Buffalo, New York. Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. Bismarck's path to unification came through diplomacy and war. NAME _____ Mod ____ Ms. Pojer EHAP HGHS German Nationalism & Unification ? Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. By 1914, the SPD's 3 million members made it the largest party in Germany. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? The revolutionaries pressured various state governments, particularly those in the Rhineland, for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution. Download The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I - 11 PDF [85], The Peace of Prague offered lenient terms to Austria but its relationship with the new nation-state of Italy underwent major restructuring. Bismarck, a member of Prussia's Junker class, the conservative nobility who served the Prussian state as officers in the military or as governmental bureaucrats, was completely devoted to the Prussian crown, God, and German unification. Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. No German state is permitted to distinguish between its citizens and other Germans. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. They could also attend universities and enter the professions. Will give brainliest and a will put up a free point questionthe following question refers to a hypothetical situation. No amount of censorship, fines, imprisonment, or banishment, it seemed, could stem the criticism. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarilyif not happilyto fight against France. The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states (aside from Austria) to the international level. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. As a result, the Confederation of the Rhine collapsed and the French period came to an end. Denis Mack Smith (editor). 9 months ago. March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. G.Wawro. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. In 1850, inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads; by 1870, the situation was reversed, and railroads carried four times more. The states south of the Main River (Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. Carrying flags, beating drums, and singing, the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds, where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. Edit. A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. Catholic populations along the Rhineespecially in such cosmopolitan regions as Cologne and in the heavily populated Ruhr Valleycontinued to support Austria. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) AP Euro: German Unification 45,625 views Jan 31, 2015 546 Dislike Share Paul Sargent 28.5K subscribers An overview of the process of German unification, with an emphasis on the role of Otto. At first Bismarck outlawed the SPD, but dissatisfaction with unification in Germany's cities, where workers sometimes viewed the German state as a tool of capitalism, proved that socialism was to become a significant force in post-unification German politics. [69] While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action, the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of this. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway.