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Yarnell hill fire in arizona over the repeated objections of his assistant crew boss, captain jesse steed who was. The image appears to show the scene of where the 19. Posted by jim nintzel. "I was just saying, I knew this was coming when I called you and asked what your comfort level was," Marsh says to Steed in the first short video. reads another. The new website provides industry-specific content for employers in chemical manufacturing, construction and transportation industries. Half of the World Will be Obese by 2035. The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a group within the Prescott Fire Department whose . As you make your way, you will encounter 200+ stairs carved from the surrounding rock, interpretive signs, benches and 19 memorial plaques. ", Selden warned that delaying the deposition might harm surviving family members because versions of McDonough's revelation would leak and be distorted. ]WB|H!Ks%Y{ w}px3y<3G8F2f53fBb,3hZFHbr&#BLbDpc56&a2/A/_hRbJp_QT$ uX:X6PM[C6PQZM /U0\%[OitF+x3GQ3(Q3R:=xx 3. The federal Southwest Coordination Center oversees Arizona's 13 hotshot crews, which included Granite Mountain. 0:00. Willis said McDonough's account was vague and inconsistent. Newly released video and "As a way to test your engagement and action orientation, how might your unit react to the instructions 'don't just do something, sit there?'" Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial State Park is a state park near Yarnell, Arizona, created to memorialize the nineteen members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots who died there on June 30, 2013, while fighting the Yarnell Hill Fire.. On Thursday, the true story of those men who fought on the front lines premiered across the United States. "Brendan expressed concerns about talking to someone because he needed to talk," she said. He should have the freedom to tell the truth.". Both items ended up in the possession of family members. Polk argued in August 2013 that the privacy of families of the fallen firefighters exceeded the public's right to examine the documents. In case filings, David Selden, a lawyer for the Division of Forestry, accused ADOSH of trying to conceal the truth about what happened in Yarnell. At the age of five, andrew moved to prescott with his family, where he spent the next 24 years of his life with his brother, thomas james (t.j.) ashcraft. Hotshots Trail Journey Trail - Once at the observation deck, the trail descends 400 feet over miles to the Fatality Site. The juniper is 100 yds. At the age of five, andrew moved to prescott with his family, where he spent the next 24 years of his life with his brother, thomas james (t.j.) ashcraft. YARNELL, AZ - We are now learning more about what happened on June 30 when 19 Granite Mountain Hotshots deployed from Prescott, Ariz. died while battling the Yarnell Hill Fire. The Yarnell Hill Fire was a wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona, ignited by lightning on June 28, 2013. Steed replies in the second video, "I copy, and [the fire] almost made it to that two-track road that we walked in on.". From taking part in interviews to sharing stories they made sure the heroic firefighters were portrayed authentically. YCSO Deputy Joshua Nelson collected phones that arrived at the Medical Examiner's Office from the personal items of two other hotshots, and the phones subsequently are identified as evidence, according to autopsy records. Do you Mosesso refused to issue a subpoena, records show, and McDonough was not deposed in February. The image showed up on a social media page devoted to the granite mountain hotshots on thursday; Homes were assessed for treatment, 137 chip jobs were completed, 101 hazardous trees felled, and 222 acres were treated with an additional 26 acres of open space. Fallen Granite Mountain Hotshot firefighters remembered 8 years following tragedy. Amanda Marsh, the Granite Mountain supervisor's widow, said Friday that if there was not a recording of the entire conversation, then it is hearsay. Century plants also represented. local news and culture, John Dougherty "The only items that were separated from the personal belongings were cell phones," the report prepared by YCSO Detective J. McDormett states. Boelts said he doesnt know anything about what happened to Marshs cell phone or to MacKenzies camera. The Blue Ridge firefighters were interviewed for a Serious Accident Investigation, conducted on behalf of the Forestry Division, but their statements were not recorded and only summaries were released to the public. Granite mountain interagency hotshots crew. I look at my son and I see my husband.. FR 38 was much bumpier than I expected. Whereupon we proceeded to play merry-go-round for a few minutes while I tried to get a shot. Two widows of the Granite Mountain Hotshots say they helped with the creation of the movie and they feel thatit portrays their husbands and the elite team's story. There is no ambiguity, according to the findings: "the deployment site was not survivable.". This process is automatic. It worked. A study from Robert Half offers six practices that will make employees happy, and productive. Dr. Vladimir Shvarts. Granite mountain hotshots death photos. fire shelters, they called for water-dropping aircraft: "Air Attack, They were released four months after all litigation filed by the families of hotshots seeking $237 million in damages from the state Forestry Division and Yavapai County had been settled. Prescott fire chief dan fraijo later. In this June 2, 2012 file photo, crew members from the Granite Mountain Hotshots of Prescott, Ariz., cut a fire line along a mountain ridge outside Mogollon, N.M.. Nineteen members of the crew . Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. . Jesse Steed was the captain of the hotshots. The Granite Mountain crew's decision to leave a safe area as winds whipped the blaze into a firestorm confounded wildfire experts and has remained a mystery despite two investigations. McDonough puportedly overheard radio transmissions about the crew's last movements%2C city officials say. McDonough, who no longer works for the city, has obtained private legal counsel, David Shapiro. Posted By Jim Nintzel on Wed, Dec 16, 2015 at 11:00 AM. "My understanding of the argument between Eric Marsh and Jesse Steed was that Steed did not want to go down," Paladini said. Messages left with the Florida Forest Service requesting an interview with Karels were not returned. There was a scattering of other flower species. At 4:04 on the afternoon of June 30, the hotshots were "in the black," on a ridge with the active fire in view. "One would think that ADOSH would leap at the chance to obtain this information as soon as possible, not try to delay and suppress it until later. (Driving directions below.) Browse 368 granite mountain hotshot stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The autopsy report notes that the Canon S1400IS still was working. Granite Mountain Hot Shot Firefighter Autopsy Reports2013 Yarnell Hill Fire. Three years later, granite mountain hotshots memorial state park was created to remember and honor them. "It takes away from the real meaning of the image itself . "We assume they decided this on their own, believing they could re-engage and help defend Yarnell.". independent local journalism in Phoenix. The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. / CBS News. Oddly, a list of suggested questions for fire managers to use to prompt discussions with their crews provides the most pointed critique of the hotshots' actions: "How might emotion trigger "automatic" movement, and how can we interrupt this circuit to engage in reflection that leads to more purposeful action?" 13+ Granite Mountain Hotshots Death Photos, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. On June 30, it overran and killed 19 members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots. But he disputed key details in Paladini's account. Their leader, Eric Marsh, made one of Until somebody can prove something happened, until somebody can prove it, there is no reason for me to get worked up about it. According to Paladini's account, Steed objected until Marsh gave him a direct order to descend. Granite Mountain Hotshots Death Scene Photos. They also could dramatically influence a wrongful-death lawsuit filed by some of the hotshots' surviving family members, and workplace-safety litigation against the Arizona State Forestry Division for allegedly negligent supervision of wildfire-suppression efforts. He marks the anniversary by remembering the 19 men he calls his brothers. Marked what is believed to be the final transmission from the 19 hotshot crew members killed in the june 30 disaster, the greatest loss of life from a u.s. On june 30, firefighters with the prescott fire department's interagency called the granite mountain hotshots were overrun and killed by the fire. McDonough later denied saying what Paladini told the paper. The park opened on November 30, 2016, and had over 18,000 visitors in its first year. "The basic question in my mind is why didn't [SAIT investigators] ask for the cell-phone records?" wadi rum desert. recording. The death of 19 Granite Mountain Hotshots, which I wrote about for this magazine and, later, in a book, marked the worst wildland fire disaster in almost 100 years. The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a crew within the Prescott Fire Department whose mission was to fight wildfires and when not so, engaged in work to reduce growth of fire-prone vegetation. Key evidence that could explain why the Granite Mountain Hotshots moved from a safe location into a treacherous box canyon where 19 men died on June 30, 2013, was in the Office of the Maricopa . "That was not part of the detail that I knew that he told me. Juliann ashcraft said she found out her firefighter husband, andrew, was among the dead by watching the news with her four children. The report warns of the "danger that a firefighter may become desensitized to extreme fire behavior, based on an old mental model that extreme fire behavior is rare." But neither name appears on Marshs autopsy report. A photo of one of the 19 granite mountain hot shot crew members who was killed fighting a wild land fire near yarnell, ariz. See more ideas about granite mountain hotshots, granite, wildland firefighter. These photos many of them taken by members of the Hotshot crew that perished on June 30 give us a sense of the enormity of the challenge that firefighters faced in battling a raging, wind-driven wildfire on rugged, mountainous terrain. "Division Alpha, Bravo 33. A New Twist in the Death of Granite Mountain Hotshots During 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire. Webinar: Tips and Tricks for Improving your Hand Safety Program, 4 Ways Independent Assessments and Audits Can Enhance Social Responsibility, Blog: Staying Safe with Data and Analytics, The Sure-Fire Guide to Fire Extinguisher Inspections. This video captures the audio of the last three minutes of radio transmissions from the Granite Mountain Hotshots before they were entrapped by fire and kill. Still, the most significant lessons to come out of Yarnell Hill are less likely to be about what to pack than about how to think. He said McDonough called him late last year and "wanted to get something off his shoulders. Prescott City Attorney Jon Paladini says lookout Brendan McDonough, who barely escaped the firestorm, divulged his secret last fall in a conversation with Darrell Willis, former chief of wildland fires for the city. The death of 19 granite mountain hotshots, which i wrote about for this magazine and, later, in a book, marked the worst wildland fire disaster in almost 100 years. shows the Yarnell fire bearing down and captures the desperate radio calls from the burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command because he ultimately followed Marsh's orders. Yavapai County Attorney Sheila Polk refused repeated media requests under the Arizona Public Records Lawfor them in the months immediately after the fire. Copyright 2017 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. ", .css-v1xtj3{display:block;font-family:FreightSansW01,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:100;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-v1xtj3:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-v1xtj3{font-size:1.1387rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-v1xtj3{line-height:1.2;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-v1xtj3{font-size:1.18581rem;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:0.5rem;margin-top:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-v1xtj3{font-size:1.23488rem;line-height:1.2;margin-top:0.9375rem;}}60 Scientists Are Trying to Block the Sun, Particle Accelerator Reveals Beginning of Time, Earth's Inner Core Has Another Inner Core, 8 Questions About Turkey With an Earthquake Expert, Conspiracy: Blaming Weather Weapons for Earthquake, Scientists Just Discovered a Literal Hell, How the NFL Grew the Field for Super Bowl LVII, The Doomsday Clock Is at 90 Seconds to Midnight, Uh, Earth's Inner Core Just Stopped Spinning, Supercomputer: 27% of Earth's Life Dead by 2100, Why Bill Gates Keeps Buying Up So Much Farmland. Prescott fire chief dan fraijo later confirmed that all 19 were from the granite mountain hotshots. Become a member to support the independent voice of Phoenix A cell phone belonging to Granite Mountain superintendent Eric Marsh and a functioning camera belonging to hotshot Christopher MacKenzie were with the men's bodies when they arrived at the Medical Examiner's Office on July 1, 2013, but were not listed as evidence turned over later to the Yavapai County Sheriff's Office. Autopsyfiles.org; andrew ashcraft; autopsy report; yarnell hill fire; granite mountain hot shot firefighters; prescott; station 7; arizona Created Date 20151104181853Z YCSO Lieutenant Tom Boelts and technician John File accompanied McDormett when the phones reportedly were separated from the personal effects for each hotshot, the report states. Visiting the juniper during a loop hike of Upper Pasture Trail #38, Little Granite Mountain Trail #37 and White Rock Spring Trail #39, is 6.6 mi. "The radio communications of the crew during that fateful, tragic decision are potentially of enormous significance in this case," Selden wrote. The two state investigations into the deaths of 19 members of the granite mountain hotshots released to the public in 2013 did not include the complete autopsy and toxicology reports of the men who were killed on june 30, 2013 in the yarnell. Matthews and his partner, Conrad Jackson, were on the northwest side, setting up a sprinkler system in case the fire got close to a . Burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command because he ultimately followed marsh's orders. Willis and Paladini later met with lawyers from the state Attorney General's Office, Forestry and ADOSH, urging them to get a sworn statement from McDonough. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. Four years ago, the Granite Mountain Hotshots died battling a horrifying wildfire in Yarnell. His pup Betty was especially glad to see me when I gifted her some delicious bones I picked up at Miesfelds Meat Market when my wife & I visited Wisconsin two weeks ago. This stretch is known as the Journey Trail. Verbena were everywhere, in all the shades between white & purple. Around noon, the Blue Ridge Hotshot leadership met with Granite Mountain leadership, and they agreed to post a Granite Mountain member as a lookout. I had to go further. On duty 100% cotton fire department, fire rescue and IAFF duty shirts are available in all sizes with personalization options.Firefighter fire dept logo of The Granite Mountain Hotshot But like I said earlier, I wasnt sure where, so Paul and I took our time, as I scanned for large, stand alone alligator junipers. She saw the video for the first time yesterday. Burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command. down the trail. As flames raced in, McDonough executed a preplanned escape from his lookout post and joined several members of the Blue Ridge Hotshots. Deputy Nelson, Boelts said, picked up all the personal belongings of the firefighters and turned them over to the Prescott Fire Department. When Willis reported the conversation to Paladini and others, it set off a chain reaction of legal actions beginning with reports to the Arizona State Forestry Division, the Prescott City Council and the Arizona Attorney General's Office. Among them were the Granite Mountain Hotshots, a municipal team out of nearby Prescott. The plaque is dedicated to all 20 Granite Mountain Hotshots:Andrew Ashcraft, Robert Caldwell, Travis Carter, Dustin Deford, Christopher MacKenzie, Eric Marsh, Grant McKee, Sean Misner, Scott Norris, Wade Parker, John Percin, Anthony Rose, Jesse Steed, Joe Thurston, Travis Turbyfill, William Warneke, Clayton Whitted, Kevin Woyjeck, Garret Zuppiger and Brendan McDonough who barely survived being burned over for the second time in a week (Re:Granite Mountain, fka My Lost Brothers by McDonough & Talty). www.firehouse.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. Reporting from Phoenix Brendan McDonough survived one of the deadliest wildfires in U.S. history, an inferno near Yarnell, Ariz., that killed 19 of his fellow Granite Mountain Hotshots on June . Burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command. In 0.8 miles, at the powerlines, turn right onto FR 38. The clips reveal more about the day that 19 Granite Mountain Hotshots died while . The 19 firefighters who were killed last weekend in an Arizona blaze died of burns and inhalation problems, according to initial autopsy findings released Thursday. On Thursday, the true story of those men who fought on the front lines premiered across the United States. Payne said there were one or two other division supervisors on June 30, and said he didn't believe that the Blue Ridge Hotshots were under Marsh's supervision. These photos - many of them taken by members of the Hotshot crew that perished on June 30 - give us a . I would think the answer would be quite obvious, and the suffering of the loved ones left behind having to . called the Storm King Mountain Fire) of 1994. Steed replies, "I copy, and [the fire's] almost made it to that two-track road that we walked in on." he says. A group of men known as the Granite Mountain Hotshots - a tight-knit team of experts trained to fight out-of-control wildfires - died on June 30, 2013 while battling the Yarnell Hill fire . Caldwell and other family members were involved in the movie-making process. A new twist in the death of granite mountain hotshots during 2013 yarnell hill fire. "We considered how the Granite Mountain IHC [Interagency Hotshot Crew] might have reasoned," the report reads. Fourteen shots, jumpers, and helitac crewmen at South Canyon, while the entire Granite Mountain hotshot crew, nineteen men, died at Yarnell Hill. Copyright 2023 Preston V. McMurry III | WordPress Theme by MH Themes, Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial State Park, Granite Mountain Hotshots Alligator Juniper. Richard Brody on the new movie "Only the Brave," about the Granite Mountain Hotshots, a real-life unit of heroic Arizona firefighters, and what the film doesn't include. During one of the final radio transmissions, according to the account, Steed told Marsh the crew was not going to make it. The hotshots spent less than two minutes preparing the site where they would deploy their emergency shelters, the report concludes. Yes. Founded in 2002 as. Burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command because he ultimately followed marsh's orders. Only one member survived, and . Their 100-plus-page report is more descriptive than prescriptive, though it does provide some clues to the hotshots' thinking, and reveals a number of new details. Knutson-Felix said McDonough came to her last year because he was upset, but she advised investigators there was no discussion of radio transmissions and she could not recall specifics. "If [the personal property was] released to the same deputies, then there is something fishy here," says Keen, who worked as Yavapai County chief medical examiner for 29 years and Maricopa County chief medical examiner for 14 years. The phone, however, is not listed as evidence in the autopsy report signed by. This disaster killed 14 WF in total including the 9. By the time the autopsy reports were released, 12 of 13 wrongful-death lawsuits filed by the families of the deceased hotshots against the state Forestry Division, the city of Prescott, and the Central Yavapai (County) Fire District had been settled. 0:00. New AIHA Website Helps Employers Create Healthier Workplace. So, Prescottstyle and I chose Door #2, hiking the long loop counter-clockwise. you. I picked up Paul at La Casa Prescottstyle. In fact, it was so compelling and real, some scenes were difficult for her. The shelters are made to withstand 500F. Granite Mountain Hotshots Alligator Juniper from Preston McMurry on Vimeo. Cari . What Does that Mean for Employers? The SAIR does not mention the two videos that may show a disagreement between Marsh and Steed. There are a few small stepups, but otherwise Trail #37 is smooth tread. Brendan McDonough, who had separated from the crew earlier in the day, survived . The image showed up on a social media page devoted to the granite mountain hotshots on thursday; I hope to let people remember those brave. The photos and videos do not appear in the investigators' formal 122-page Serious Accident Investigation Report (SAIR) released to the families and public on September 28, 2013. As it stands, the city had entered only six . Visiting the juniper during a loop hike of Upper Pasture Trail #38. The two nine-second videos were taken about 4 p.m. on June 30. But when Granite Mountain radioed their distress, no one knew exactly where they were. The Hotshots Trail takes you through the Weaver Mountains and includes a 1,200 ft. elevation gain with a 5-8 percent grade. Granite Mountain Hotshots, we are in front of the flaming front," can be heard on one The image appears to show the scene of where the 19. Granite Mountain Hotshots hiking to their assignment, June 30, 2013. 0:34. Granite Mountain Hotshots Death Photos. Republic reporter Richard Ruelas contributed to this article. marked what is believed to be the final transmission from the 19 "hotshot" crew members killed in the June 30 disaster, the greatest loss of life from a U.S. wildfire in 80 . Louan Heysck, of Prescott, Az., salutes during a public memorial. He did.". More than a year after 19 firefighters perished in the Yarnell Hill blaze, the crew's lone survivor purportedly made a shocking revelation: Granite Mountain Hotshots were ordered to leave their safe zone during a radio call between their supervisor and his chief deputy. In addition to costs associated with chronic diseases due to obesity, productivity rates are lower and absenteeism is higher. We wanted it to be real; we wanted the truth of who they are to be portrayed, Caldwell said. A cemetery posted a personal ad for a goose whose mate died. 5 new things about fire that killed granite mountain. As one expert quoted in the report says: "The scale of fires today is extreme. Paladini divulged his knowledge of the controversy after being contacted by The Republic. Granite mountain hotshots dead bodies. The . Documents in the workplace-safety litigation reveal a fierce, behind-the-scenes fight over efforts to obtain or prevent McDonough's testimony. See more ideas about granite mountain hotshots, granite, wildland firefighter. On June 30, firefighters with the Prescott Fire Department's interagency called the Granite Mountain Hotshots were overrun and killed by the fire. The state Forestry Division admitted no wrongdoing. Asked to comment this week, McDonough told The Arizona Republic, "I think you're being misinformed.". Selden argued that McDonough's recollections may be critical to understanding why Granite Mountain Hotshots abandoned a safe zone. Its hard to put that kind of trust into someone playing such a big, important role, Steed explained. Newly-released video reveals the chaotic moments before 19 'hotshot' firefighters were killed in Arizona wildfire. Yarnell Hill Fire in Arizona over the repeated objections of his assistant crew boss, Captain Jesse Steed who was. Eric was one of 19 Granite Mountain Hotshots who lost their lives battling the Yarnell Hill Fire on June 30, 2013. There was not necessarily anything unusual about the fact that the hotshots went that long without communication, according to the report. The Granite Mountain Hotshot crew was working on the south side. "I'm just not doing anything within the media involving around any of that kind of stuff," he added. Dec 16, . If you have a car, park there and walk in. The burn damage is much more obvious along Trail #37, with many ghostly junipers. SUVs, or better, may easily proceed down the bumpy, rutted, lop-sided FR 38 another 0.8 miles to the trailhead at Division Well. Mangan says if he had been conducting the Yarnell Hill Fire investigation, he would have obtained the phone records of everyone working the fire. The two state investigations into the deaths of 19 members of the granite mountain hotshots released to the public in 2013 did not include the complete autopsy and toxicology reports of the men who were killed on june 30, 2013 in the yarnell hill fire. Journalist John Dougherty's Investigative MEDIA . AsLittle Granite Mountain Trail #37 resumes its climb towards Blair Pass and Granite Mountain Trail #261, are my two favorite boulders: Balance Rock and Pooping Bear Rock. The recordings were released after an investigation revealed commanders made numerous mistakes managing the wildfire that killed the 19 hotshots and . Investigators offer lessons on the June 2013 fire and its aftermath, but avoid placing blame. The Granite Mountain Inter-agency Hotshots were committed to 73 days of fire assignments, completing 356 assessments, 56 homes were treated, 148 additional. Phoenix's independent source of But to Pfingston, the recordings also provide OSHA to Follow White Houses Lead in 2023. There is no question that they were aware of a 3:26 p.m. weather report that predicted shifting winds of up to 50 mph. He made the best decisions with the information that he had at the time and I believe that to be true because I know him," she said. . You will be redirected once the validation is complete. ", "So you're on the south side of families have filed multi-million dollar lawsuits. Marsh had descended from a ridge to the safety of a ranch compound in Glen Ilah. Burned to death with 17 crewmen under his command. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. At 4:04 on the afternoon of June 30, the hotshots were "in the black," on a ridge with the active fire in view. Yarnell fire: New account of hotshot deaths. No credit or explanation about the photo%27s source was included on the page The yarnell hill fire was a wildfire near yarnell, arizona, ignited by dry lightning on june 28, 2013.on june 30, it overran and killed 19 members of the granite mountain hotshots.just one of the hotshots on the crew survivedhe was posted as a lookout on the fire. "Therefore, absent a court order, these items will not be released," Polk stated in an August 26, 2013, letter sent to news organizations. They are just not coming home. We invite you to hike the trail to better understand the experience of these men as . There is no question that they were aware of a 3:26 p.m. weather report that . Still, lots of fresh fuel. "[Checking] cell phone records in this day and age is basic.". Video from a firefigher's helmet cam Prescott City Councilwoman Jean Wilcox, a lawyer, said the council was notified by the city attorney last year of purported key revelations about the crew's movements. The U.S. Forest Service refused to allow them to give sworn testimony for a workplace-safety probe by the Arizona Division of Occupational Safety and Health. "I think it shows there was, in hindsight, errors in judgment," Wilcox said, adding: "only in hindsight. McDonough, however, never has provided sworn testimony about what he heard over the crew's radio channel in the moments leading up to the deaths. asks Ted Putnam, a retired federal wildfire fatality investigator who participated in the investigation of the South Canyon Fire that killed 14 firefighters in Colorado in 1994. There are three main hiking options to visit the Granite Mountain Hotshots juniper: Because visiting the Granite Mountain Hotshots juniper was only my second real hike of June, I needed the miles to make my 50 for the month. says Dick Mangan, a retired wildfire death investigator who participated in the South Canyon investigation and in the 1990 Dude Fire in Arizona that killed six firefighters.