Haplogroup R1b, especially subclades of R1b-M269, is the most commonY-DNAhaplogroup found among both the Yamnaya and modern-day Western Europeans. The Greek word is apistos (a not and pistos faithful,), thus not faithful or faithless because one is unpersuaded and unconvinced by a god(s) claim. The SiberianChukchiandTungusbelieved in a guardian-of-the-afterlife dog and a spirit dog that would absorb the dead mans soul and act as a guide in the afterlife. ref, In Indo-European myths, the figure of the dog is embodied byCerberus,Sarvar, andGarmr. Anthonyand Brown note that it might be one of the oldest mythemes recoverable throughcomparative mythology. Different cultures have employed forms of astrology since at least the 2nd millennium BCE, these practices having originated incalendricalsystems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire. They had wattle-and-daub walls, small villages of a few families, no cemeteries, continued using Spondylus shell, ornaments, cultivation of barley, millet, peas, emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, spelt wheat, and common bread wheat. Did Neanderthals Help Inspire Totemism? Who were the Yamnaya? *primal stage of organized religion is 13,000 years ago. They provide the basis of a worldview that reaffirms and guides how people relate tothe natural world, to any assumedspiritual world, and toeach other. Although Chinese linguists generally includeKraDaiandHmongMien languageswithin Sino-Tibetan, most other linguists have excluded them since the 1940s. Nefer Say Nefer - Was Nefertiti Buried in the Valley of the Queens? Required fields are marked *. The term is derived from the Russiankurgan(), meaningtumulusor burial mound. The concept of sky father may also be taken to includeSun godswith similar characteristics, such asRa. At least three deities, Tabiti, Papaios, and Api, are generally interpreted as having Indo-European origins, while the remaining have seen more disparate interpretations. On this basis,David W. Anthonyargues that theIndo-European languageswere originally spoken by EHGs. ref, ref, In the earlier horizon of Mikhailovka site, impressions of emmer wheat, hulled barley, and millet have been identified in nine potsherds out of 2491, suggesting that agriculture might have been part of the subsistence economic activities. Such as:Maria Makilingis the deity who guardsMt. Atheists talk about gods and religions for the same reason doctors talk about cancer, they are looking for a cure, or a firefighter talks about fires because they burn people and they care to stop them. The study also suggests that the tools were used for other domestic activities in addition to processing plants. 13,000-12,000 years ago Culture Leading to New Oppression changed everything and it was not always this way. One theory is that the Yamnaya were displaced by the Indo-Europeans, who came from the east and settled in the steppes. One of the earliest attested and thus one of the most important of all Indo-European mythologies is Vedic mythology, especially the mythology of the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas. ref, Early scholars of comparative mythology such as Friedrich Max Mller stressed the importance of Vedic mythology to such an extent that they practically equated it with Proto-Indo-European myths. The myths should not be understood as attempts to work out a rational explanation of deity.ref, While creation myths are not literalexplications, they do serve to define an orientation of humanity in the world in terms of a birth story. Rational thinkers must ask themselves why continue to believe in religions stories. In reality, this distinction is somewhat academic, since totemism may be regarded as a particularized manifestation of animism, and something of a synthesis of the two positions was attempted by, , both totem and taboo are outward expressions or manifestations of the same psychological tendency, a concept which is complementary to, or which rather reconciles, the apparent conflict. In that regard it was the opposite development from the Near East, which first developed agriculture then only pottery from circa 5500 BCE, perhaps through contact with East Asians via Siberia or Central Asia. ref. Epipalaeolithic Near East 20,000 to 9,000 years ago and the Emergence of Advanced Culture as well as New Religion? Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? Often without realizing it, we accumulate beliefs that we allow to negatively influence our lives. People on the steppe buried their exalted dead in kurgans; kurgans show up later in the Hungarian Plain than on the steppe, accompanied by the same kinds of artifacts we find in burials on the steppe. As a consequence, we may conclude that it is not possible to on the one hand support the Steppe Hypothesis (or the revised Anatolia Hypothesis for that matter) while at the same time assuming that steppe migrants had an exclusively pastoralist way of life, as has been proposed for the early Yamnaya culture. ref, Cereal remains, cutting tools and a plowshare alleged to be found in Yamnaya contexts. I wish people fought as hard for the actual values as they fight for the group/clan names political or otherwise they think support values. Juno often had this function, as at theLatintown ofLanuviumand theEtruscancity ofVeii,and was often housed in an especially grand temple on thearx(citadel)or other prominent or central location. by Damien AtHope | Dec 31, 2021 | Blog | 0 comments, Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians, The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or Malta boy, remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Malta-Buret culture 24,000-15,000 years ago. Decoration consists of circumferential motifs: lines, bands, zig-zags or wavy lines, incised, stabbed or impressed with a comb. I had said that religion was a cultural product. Moreover, also Dereivka and Molyukhov Bugor sites displayed the presence of cereal impressions, in eight vessels. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. There is also evidence that they may have kept bees. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, Analysis 2008 of four males from the CucuteniTrypillia cultural complex (CTC / CTCC) of Verteba Cave and found evidence of genetic contact between the CucuteniTrypillia culture and steppe populations from the east from as early as 3600 BCE, well before the influx of steppe ancestryinto Europe associated with the Yamnaya culture. Cultivating the soil (using anardor scratch plough), harvesting crops, and tending livestock was probably the main occupation for most people. This is a neat explanation for precisely how the Yamnaya migration might have happened. The Yamnaya culture was a Bronze Age culture that flourished in the steppes of modern-day Ukraine and Russia. Evidence of this has been provided in studies of the genome and the emergence of the Central and Eastern European Corded Ware Complex in archaeological records, reports Nature Communications . Because of that fact, these artifacts do not "say" anything about the DNA finds and vice versa, or indicate any sort of population movement. Genetic studies have also indicated that these populations derived large parts of their ancestry from the steppes. ref, According to Pavel Dolukhanov (1996) the emergence of the Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various local Bronze Age cultures, representing an expression of social stratification and the emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social structures, which in turn intensified inter-group contacts between essentially heterogeneous social groups. ref, According to Mallory (1999), The origin of the Yamnaya culture is still a topic of debate, with proposals for its origins pointing to both Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog. The Yamnaya (Pit-grave) culture was succeeded in its western range by the Catacomb culture (2800-2200 BCE or 4,821-4,221 years ago); in the east, by the Poltavka culture (2700-2100 BCE or 4,721-4,121 years ago) at the middle Volga. The Yamnaya diet was based on milk and dairy products. The wooden plows of the Catacomb culture (25001950 BCE) offer an archaeologicalterminus post quem. Yamnaya ancestry appears among Mycenaeans, with the Yamnaya Bulgaria sample being its best current ancestral fit; the emergence of steppe ancestry and R1b-M269 in the eastern Mediterranean was associated with Ancient Greeks; Thracians, Albanians, and Armenians also show R1b-M269 subclades and "Steppe ancestry". From there, further linguistic divergence led to the evolution of their current descendants, the modern Indo-European languages. 6000 BC. This could allow experts to understand the nature of the migration from the steppes that changed the demography of Europe in the Stone Age . Possibly a forebear of the Corded Ware Culture or Kurgan Culture in the area. Horsemanship appears to have played a key role in the spread of the Yamnaya people. This anthology of ancient and fresh archaeological artifacts paints a cohesive arc from the beginning of the chalcolithic to the first empires of Uruk and Egypt, ignited around the Black Sea by the Kurgan Copper revolution. ref. The results suggest that the Yamnaya emerged through mixing between EHG and WHG males, and EEF and CHG females. Abstract Recent studies of early Bronze Age human genomes revealed a massive population expansion by individuals-related to the Yamnaya culture, from the Pontic Caspian steppe into Western and Eastern Eurasia, likely accompanied by the spread of Indo-European languages [1-5]. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. With their wheeled chariots, pit graves, and Indo-European language, the Yamnaya spread their culture and genes east and west. Who were the Groups migrating and merging with the previous Groups of Europe? (The first writing in the bible was Paleo-Hebrew dated toaround 3,000 years ago Khirbet Qeiyafais the site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley. I am not a good fit in the atheist movement that is mostly pro-capitalist, I am anti-capitalist. Enormous amounts of horse bones were found in and around the Botai settlements, suggesting that the Botai people kept horses or even domesticated them. And Western Steppe Herdergenetic cluster was a result of mixing betweenEastern Hunter-Gatherers(9% to up to 75%Ancient North Eurasian) from Eastern Europe andCaucasus hunter-gatherers(CHGs). They originated in Manchuria and carried. I wrote a book! An Upper Paleolithic genome shows a direct link with the First Americans by sharing the admixed ancestry that gave rise to all non-Arctic Native Americans. I create the world I want to live in, striving for flourishing. cereal, *dhoHneh2 (cereal) seed and *pelHu chaff. They cultivatedclub wheat, oats, rye,proso millet, barley, and hemp, which were probably ground and baked asunleavened breadin clay ovens or on heated stones in the home. The rooted tree shows the genetic phylogeny of human populations from Africa, North Europe, and East Asia, with the colors of the branches roughly indicating the generalized skin pigmentation level of these populations. Divergence into genetically distinct sub-populations within Western Eurasia is a result of increasedselection pressureandfounder effectsduring theLast Glacial Maximum(LGM,Gravettian). 40,000 years old Aurignacian Lion Figurine Early Totemism? ref, Buddhismaround2,563/2,480 2,483/2,400years old. And there is zero indication, from artifacts or ancient DNA, that this language had any historical correlation with the Pontic-Caspian steppe. That notion is pure pseudoscience. For the last two millennia, many of these languages have been written, and their history is relatively clear. Earth goddesses are often associated with the chthonic deities of theunderworld. The Yamnaya culture is significant for its role in the rise of the Indo-European languages. Religion and food culture are two closely related topics in the Christian discourse and have been the subject of extensive anthropological research. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped. I see all religious people as at least animists, so, all religions have at least some amount, kind, or expression of animism as well. Ket language lacks apparent affiliation with any major language family and is clearly distinct from surrounding Uralic, Turkic, and Tungusic languages, . Sky Burial and its possible origins at least 12,000 years ago to likely 30,000 years ago or older. Ancient Egypt: Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Predynastic from 12,000 to 5,000 years ago, Masked Head Hunters of Karahan Tepe 11,400-year-old monumental site from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to B. Evolution of human skin color, white-skin is really under 10,000 years old? 67005650 BCE) site of atalhyk in Turkey, dates from four pottery sherds also matched the sites known chronology. ref, ref, The first evidence of domestication in the western Eurasia the productive revolution is dated around the 6th millennium BCE; sheep, goats, and cattle bones together with domesticated grains of wheat, barley, and millet, were found in several sites of the Bug-Dniester cultures. Again just to clarify when I refer to seeming paganism thinking or behaviors (emphasize reverence for nature, polytheistic and animistic, totemistic, and shamanist religious practices). Every amount spent on war is theft to children in need of food or the homeless kept from shelter. Strongly agro-pastoralist economy (wheat, barley, millet). ref, The Sredny Stog culture seems to have had contact with the agricultural Cucuteni-Trypillian culturein the west, centered on modern-dayMoldova,and was a contemporary of theKhvalynsk culturein the north-east, located in the middleVolga region. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age. The rooted tree shows the genetic phylogeny of human populations from Africa, North Europe, and East Asia, with the colors of the branches roughly indicating the generalized skin pigmentation level of these populations, . Most controversial are bone plaques of horses or double oxen heads, which were pierced. R-Z2125 occurs at highest frequencies in Kyrgyzstan and in Afghan Pashtuns (>40%). Some of the people buried in kurgans in Hungary, even those with typically steppe-style artifacts, have exactly zero genetic ancestry from the steppe. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists. The evidence for this comes from linguistic paleontology: in particular, certain words to do with the technology of wheeled vehicles are arguably present across all the branches of the Indo-European family; and archaeology tells us that wheeled vehicles arose no earlier than this date. This is the first time the presence of wild millet has been detected at the site. Groups with Pontic-Steppe ancestry probably lived in the low-lands along lakes and rivers, while the older population lived in the mountains. The Semitic rootlh(Arabicilh, AramaicAlh,Elh, Hebrewelah) may belwith a parasitic h, andlmay be an abbreviated form oflh. Although the family is traditionally presented as divided intoSinitic(i.e. They also grew peas and beans, though there is no solid evidence that they actually made, There is also evidence that they may have kept bees.. A similar myth-pattern is assumed for the Eneolithic site ofBotaiin Kazakhstan, dated to 3500 BC, which might represent the dog as an absorber of illness and guardian of the household against disease and evil. The books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God: Exodus 20:23 You shall not make other gods besides Me (not saying there are no other gods just not to worship them); gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves., Judges 10:6 Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him., 1 Corinthians 8:5 For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords.. These population dynamics and constant northwards geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry would later gave rise to the Ancestral Native Americans andPaleosiberians, which replaced the ANE as dominant population ofSiberia.ref, Eastern Hunter-Gatherer(EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE. They had some individual graves, beneath small kurgans (mounds) and a mixture of skull shapes, suggesting a mixed population. 2andSupplementary Fig. He dies and revives. Contrary to the frequent erroneous statement made by some authors that Rome has no myth, the Romans possessed a very complex mythological system, parts of which have been preserved through the characteristic Roman tendency to rationalize their myths into historical accounts. The international study concludes that the Transeurasian, or Altaic, language family emerged from farmers in the West Liao valley and spread across Asia. They lived in portable tents made from the skins of animals. 24 Likes, 0 Comments - Culture Street (@culture.st) on Instagram: "True Religion [Section Straight] #culturedispo Talla 20/40 [cintura 40cm x Largo 102cm] Prenda" The minority view links the origins of Indo-European with the spread of farming from Anatolia 8,000-9,500 years ago. Researchers are saying European peoples and languages descended in part from the Yamnaya Culture people of what is now Russia and western Asia about 4,500 years ago. May we all be the ones doing good actions in the world, to help human flourishing. Intriguingly, Indo-Iranian and especially Tocharian were impacted less heavily by the later, more radical shift towards agriculture that manifests itself in the European branches, indicating that they were culturally but also geographically more peripheral. An archaeologist once said to me Damien religion and culture are very different. Mostly limited to anti-Abrahamic religions, I am an anti-religionist. Because of their immediacy they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped. Today, however, they are seen as symbolic narratives which must be understood in terms of their own cultural context. Neanderthals Primal Religion (Pre-Animism/Animism? The Yamnaya culture was an important stepping stone in the rise of the Indo-Europeans and the spread of the Indo-European languages. 3,700 years ago or so, the oldest of the Hindu Vedas (scriptures), the Rig Veda was composed. Animism: an approximately 100,000-year-old belief system? It is represented by two individuals fromKarelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual fromSamara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. Such asTu Di Gong(Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity andCheng Huang Gong(City God) is the guardian deity of an individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times.ref, Atutelary(alsotutelar) inHinduism, personal tutelary deities are known asishta-devata, while family tutelary deities are known asKuladevata. Related sites are Varfolomeyevka on the Russian-Kazakh border[3] (5500 BCE), which has parallels in Dzhangar (Kalmykia),[4] and Mykol'ske, on the Dnieper. According to the Kurgan hypothesis, the Yamnaya and related cultures are the likely candidates for being the mythical Proto-Indo-Europeans. In the late 3rd millennium BCE, military-oriented stockbreeding societies emerged in Eastern Central Asia (Sayan-Altai and Mongolia). With respect to Y-DNA haplogroup, three carried G2a2b2a3, two G2a2a1a, one G2a2a1, G2a2a1a3, C1a, I2a1a2a-L161.1, I2a2a1, and I2c, while mtDNA haplogroup, two J1c2, K1a2, T2b and one H, H15a1, H40, J1c5, K1a1b1, K1b1, N1a1a1a, T2, T2c1d1, U5a and U5a2. ref, Among the material recovered from the fired clay used in the floors of Cucuteni-Tripolye dwellings, imprints of hulled wheat, naked six-row barley, and hulled barley have been recovered, although the latter was only rarely represented. This scenario implies that Indo-Anatolian was originally rich in agricultural vocabulary, but that this part of the lexicon was largely lost in core Indo-European during an economic transformation from sedentary farmers to mobile pastoralists. After the formation of the core Indo-European dialect continuum in this area after ca. 3400 BCE or 5,421 years ago, preceded by the middle Volga-based Khvalynsk culture and the Don-based Repin culture (c.39503300BCE or 5,971-5,321 years ago), arguing that late pottery from these two cultures can barely be distinguished from early Yamnaya pottery. Yamnaya households were small, consisting of only two or three families. To study the genetic structure and kin relations in CWC communities, we . Scenarios in which the European branches moved west and the Asian branch stayed east of the Dnieper, therefore,appear overly simplistic. ref, While Gimbutas was largely correct in assuming that the increase of agriculture is synchronous with the incursion of the Kurgan [] people into Europe, especially in the European branches, we must assume that the onset of this process had already started before the final dissolution of the core Indo-European dialect continuum, on or close to the steppe. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The Yamnaya culture was instrumental in the rise of the Indo-Europeans. Justified beliefs or disbeliefs worthy of Knowledge? VL29 and its subclades are also the variety of N1c1 found in Balto-Slavic populations, confirming that the R1a branch of Indo-Europeans absorbed and later spread N1c1 lineages around central and eastern Europe. Then around 4,000 years ago monotheism emerges. In reality, this distinction is somewhat academic, since totemism may be regarded as a particularized manifestation of animism, and something of a synthesis of the two positions was attempted bySigmund Freud. They included the Huns, the Bulgars, the Magyars, the Turks and the Mongols.. There is a 1500 year gap between the Yamnaya (3300-2800 bc) and the Tumulus and Urnfield (1300 bc) cultures, which can be seen as the earliest Celtic cultures or ancestral to the Celtic culture. In some religious traditions or movements,Heavenly Mother(also referred to asMother inHeavenorSky Mother) is the wife or feminine counterpart of theSky fatherorGod the Father.ref, Any masculine sky god is often alsoking of the gods, taking the position ofpatriarchwithin apantheon. We still have a great many questions about the Yamnaya migration, but its one of the most intensively studied and clearest examples of long-distance population movement from any period of the human past. Modern researchers have been much more cautious, recognizing that, although Vedic mythology is still central, other mythologies must also be taken into account. ref, Another of the most important source mythologies for comparative research is Roman mythology.